Климатическая повестка в турбулентной Европе

Рогинко С.А., Сильвестров С.Н.

Российский экономический журнал. 2023. № 1. С. 80–97.

Russian Economic Journal. 2023; (1): 80–97.

 

Научная статья УДК 339.9

https://doi.org/10.52210/0130-9757_2023_1_80.

 

КЛИМАТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОВЕСТКА В ТУРБУЛЕНТНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ

 

Сергей Анатольевич Рогинко1, Сергей Николаевич Сильвестров2

1ФГОБУ ВО «Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации»,

Центр экологии и развития Института Европы РАН, Москва, Россия

2ФГОБУ ВО «Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации»,

Москва, Россия

 

Аннотация. В статье раскрываются процессы трансформации политики Евросоюза в области климата и энергетики в современных кризисных условиях. Авторами проводится оценка достижимости выдвинутых ЕС целей и обязательств в рамках Парижского соглашения, «Европейского Зеленого курса» и пакета Fit for 55. Исследуются перемены в энергетической политике ЕС, вызванные энергетическим кризисом 2022–2021 гг. и возникшей по вине ЕС конфронтацией между ЕС и Россией, включая последние изменения в «Зеленой таксономии», план Repower EU и рекомендации Международного энергетического агентства. Отдельное внимание уделяется инициативе ЕС по введению так называемого Пограничного корректирующего углеродного механизма (СВАМ), дается оценка влияния СВАМ на российские экспортные отрасли с учетом введенных ЕС санкций против российского экспорта, обозначаются перспективы трансформации этой инициативы в нынешней ситуации.

Ключевые слова: Зеленая сделка ЕС, механизм корректировки углеродных границ, пакет Fit for 55, план Repower ЕС, Зеленая таксономия ЕС, Международное энергетическое агентство (МЭА), налогообложение выбросов углерода, Парижское соглашение, Европейская система торговли квотами на выбросы, льготы ЕС (Европейские разрешения на выбросы парниковых газов, EUA), ядерная генерация, возобновляемые источники энергии, пограничный корректирующий углеродный механизм EС

Для цитирования: Рогинко С.А., Сильвестров С.Н. Климатическая повестка в турбулентной Европе // Российский экономический журнал. 2023. № 1. С. 80–97. https://doi.org/10.52210/01309757_2023_1_80.

 

Original article

THE CLIMATE AGENDA IN TURBULENT EUROPE

Sergey A. Roginko1, Sergey N. Silvestrov2

1Financial University, Center for Ecology and Development of the Institute

of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

2Financial University, Moscow, Russia

Abstract. The article reveals the processes of the EU policy transformation in the field of climate and energy in modern crisis conditions. The authors assess the achievability of the goals and commitments put forward by the EU under the Paris Agreement, the “European Green Course” and the Fit for 55 package. The changes in the EU energy policy caused by the energy crisis of 2022-2021 and the confrontation between the EU and Russia caused by the EU, including the latest changes in the “Green Taxonomy”, the Repower EU plan and the recommendations of the International Energy Agency, are investigated. Special attention is paid to the EU initiative to introduce the so-called Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), an assessment of the impact of CBAM on Russian export industries is given, taking into account the EU sanctions against Russian exports, and the prospects for the transformation of this initiative in the current situation are outlined.

Keywords: EU Green Deal, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Fit for 55 Package, Repower EU Plan, EU Green Taxonomy, International Energy Agency (IEA), carbon taxation, Paris Agreement, European emissions trading system, EU Allowances (European greenhouse gas permits, EUA), nuclear generation, renewable energy, EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

For citation: Roginko S.A., Silvestrov S.N. The climate agenda in turbulent Europe. Russian Economic Journal. 2023; (1): 80–97. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.52210/0130-9757_2023_1_80.

...

Список источников/References

  1. A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union’s Reliance on Russian Natural Gas. IEA Fue l report — March 2022. Источник: https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-reduce-the- european-unions-reliance-on-russian-natural-gas. (дата обращения: 23.03.2022).
  2. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European Green Deal. Brussels, 11.12.2019 COM(2019) 640 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource. html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF.
  3. Complementary Delegated Act on climate change mitigation and adaptation covering certain gas and nuclear activities. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/publications/eu-taxonomycomplementary-climate-delegated-act-accelerate-decarbonisation_en.
  4. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2020. UNEP-Bloomberg NEF, 2020. https://www.fs-unep-centre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GTR_2020.pdf.
  5. EU Renewable energy statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php?title=Renewable_energy_statistics.
  6. EU State of the Union Address 2020. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/strategicplanning/state-union-addresses/state-union-2020_en.
  7. EU Taxonomy: Commission welcomes the result of today’s vote by the European Parliament on the Complementary Delegated Act 6 July 2022 Brussels https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_4349.
  8. EU taxonomy for sustainable activities .https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/ tools-and-standards/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en.
  9. Fit for 55. The EU’s plan for a green transition. Council of the European Union. https://www. consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/.
  10. Kyoto-Protokolls Verpflichtungsperioden. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz https://www.bmuv.de/themen/klimaschutzanpassung/klimaschutz/internationale-klimapolitik/kyoto-protokoll/verpflichtungsperioden.
  11. MEMO/04/43 Bruxelles, 4 March 2004 Kyoto Protocol https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_04_43.
  12. Paris Agreement. EU’s role. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/international-actionclimate-change/climate-negotiations/paris-agreement_en#eus-role.
  13. REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy. EU Press release. Источник: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1511 (дата обращения: 23.03.2022).
  14. Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’). https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/ files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/210329-jrc-report-nuclearenergy-assessment_en.pdf.
  15. Ainger J. EU Bank May Refrain From Bestowing Green Label on Gas, Nuclear Projects. EIB’s Hoyer says bank must be alert to risks of greenwashing. Bloomberg, January 27, 2022.
  16. Ainger J. Key EU Parliament Groups Reject Plans to Label Gas and Nuclear as Green Energy. Time, June 14, 2022. https://time.com/6187406/eu-parliament-nuclear-gas-climate/.
  17. Coppedge D. Climate Hysteria Goes Far Beyond the Science, Creation Evolution, 11 December, 2019. Available at: https://crev.info/2019/12/climate-hysteria-goes-far-beyond-the-science/.
  18. Delfs A. Germany to Bring Back Coal Power Plants If Russia Cuts Gas. Time, May 24, 2022. https://time.com/6180579/germany-coal-power-russia/.
  19. Friedman L. U.N. Chief Warns of ‘Catastrophe’ With Continued Use of Fossil Fuels. The New York Times, March 21, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/21/climate/united-nations- fossil-fuels-climate-crisis.html.
  20. Gillet A., Simon F. L’idée de Nicolas Sarkozy sur une taxe carbone à nouveau sur la table en France EURACTIV.fr 18 May 2012 https://www.euractiv.fr/section/climat/news/l-idee-de- nicolas-sarkozy-sur-une-taxe-carbone-a-nouveau-sur.
  21. Khan M. EU faces down critics over green investment label for gas and nuclear power ehreen in Brussels. Financial Times, February 2, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/0acb5e0f-8322- 413f-911d-fda09951ea99-la-table-en-france/.
  22. Meinecke H., Figures T., Engels M. How Technology Can Tame the EU Carbon Tax on Imports Воston Consulting Group, July 20, 2022 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2022/navigating- the-european-green-deal.
  23. Meza E. German gas mix emissions incompatible with climate targets – report. Clean Energy Wire, 14 Dec. 2021. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/german-gas-mix-emissions- uncompatible-climate-targets-report.
  24. Peterquin S. Report: EU greenhouse gas emissions down 24% since 1990 AP November 30, 2020 https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-climate-europe-bc73c9bf1beb6675ea735 0ca14117d78.
  25. Petkova M. Weekly data: EU’s CBAM to impact Russia, China and the UK the most. Energy Monitor, 7 February 2022. https://www.energymonitor.ai/policy/carbon-markets/eus-cbam- to-impact-russia-china.
  26. Perry M. There Is No Climate Emergency, Say 500 Experts in Letter to the United Nations. American Enterprise Institute, October 01, 2019. https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/there-is- no-climate-emergency-say-500-experts-in-letter-to-the-united-nations/.
  27. Proctor D. Coal Use Rises, Prices Soar as War Impacts Energy Markets. Powermag, Mar 8, 2022 https://www.powermag.com/coal-use-rises-prices-soar-as-war-impacts-energy-markets/.
  28. Taylor K. LEAK: Only zero-emission cars will win EU green investment label. EURACTIV.com November 12, 2020. https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/leak-only- zero-emission-cars-will-win-eu-green-investment-label/.
  29. Which European countries know the least about climate change? A new survey finds people underestimate the scientific consensus. The Economist, Jun 30th 2022. https://www. economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/06/30/which-european-countries-know-the-leastabout-climate-change.

 

Информация об авторах

С.А. Рогинко — кандидат экономических наук, профессор Финуниверситета, руководитель Центра экологии и развития Института Европы РАН, Москва, Россия.

С.Н. Сильвестров — доктор экономических наук, профессор, директор Института экономической политики и проблем экономической безопасности Финуниверситета, Департамент мировой экономики, Москва, Россия.

 

Information about the authors

S.A. Roginko — Ph.D, Professor of the Financial University, Head of the Center for Ecology and Development of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

 

S.N. Silvestrov — DSc in Economics, Professor, Director of the Institute of Economic Policy and Economic Security Problems of the Financial University, Department of World Economy, Moscow, Russia.

 

Статья поступила в редакцию 03.10.2022; одобрена после рецензирования 20.12.2022; принята к публикации 18.01.2023.

 

The article was submitted 03.10.2022; approved after reviewing 20.12.2022; accepted for publication 18.01.2023.